Advanced Statistical Computing Laboratory
Primer

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Getting Started
  • Login
  • Motif Menus
  • Logout
  • Terminal Locking
  • Changing Your Password
• Unix File System
  • Directory Structure and Names
  • Saving Files
  • File Operations
• Running Software
  • SAS
  • Maple
  • Netscape
  • WordPerfect
• Printing
  • Print Queues
  • Queue Status
• MS DOS Diskettes and Files
  • DOS Directory Listing
  • Reading DOS Diskettes
  • Writing DOS Diskettes
  • Formatting DOS Diskettes
• E-Mail
  • E-Mail Address
  • Pine Mail
  • Mail Notification
• On-line Help
• Additional References

Introduction

The X-windows version 11 release 5 windowing system provides the graphical user interface (gui) to the operating system. Our workstations are using the Motif window manager to provide title bars, window movements, and menus for the graphical interface. The Motif Menu provides the customized menu for executing statistical software, word and document processors, and various utilities.

The laboratory is networked using ethernet topology and connected via a router to the campus network, which in turn is connected to the internet. An RS/6000 server provides file and data services to the laboratory workstations using the Network File System (NFS) and the Network Information Service (NIS). The workstations are fully dependent upon the server for software and password authentication and so are not functional when the server or network are "down". Further, load and execution times of software can depend upon the network and server loads. Hewlett-Packard laserjet 4 printers with Postscript capability are attached to the network to provide hardcopy output.

It is very important to remember that the workstations are multi-user and multi-tasking. That is, more than one program can be executing on a workstation at the same time (in fact, AIX runs a number of different programs to monitor and control various system tasks at all times) and more than one user can be logged in to the workstation at the same time through the network. Thus, NEVER TURN THE WORKSTATIONS OFF OR PRESS THE RESET BUTTON unless directed to do so by the laboratory administrator or instructor. If you are having problems with a particular workstation, login to another workstation and report the problem, via E-Mail, to the laboratory administrator.

Your account in this laboratory is for your Experimental Statistics course and degree work only. Any other use is forbidden and failure to abide by this rule may result in the loss of your laboratory privileges. The filesystems are routinely monitored by the laboratory administrator for compliance with Departmental and University computing policies.

Getting Started

Login

A login dialog box is provided by the X Display Manager (Xdm). To use the dialog box, point the mouse pointer at some location on the dialog box to activate it. The cursor should be located in the "login:" field. If the cursor is located in the "password:" field, then press the tab key to switch fields. Enter your user id in the "login:" field exactly as assigned to you. Case of characters is sensitive in UNIX and so upper and lower case letters are treated as different letters. Also be aware that leading and trailing blanks will be interpreted as characters as well and are common causes for login failures. Insure that the first character in the box is the first character of your user id and that no trailing blanks are entered following your user id. When you have completed this step, press the tab key to move the cursor to the "password:" field.

In the "password:" field, enter your password exactly as assigned keeping in mind the notes given about entering the user id. Your password will not be displayed as you type it, but rather, question marks will be placed in the password field for each character that you type. When you have finished entering the password for the user id, press the enter key on the keyboard. If both entries are correct and authenticated, then the box will disappear from the screen as the login begins and initial programs and windows are started.

If you get the red login error message in the dialog box, then use the backspace key to clear the entries from each field and repeat the login instructions. If this does not work, then you might press the "Cancel session" button in the login dialog box and wait for the box to be redisplayed, at which time you repeat the login procedure. Also, do not press (using the mouse pointer) the button to the left of the "Use system default login" line. If these additional login attempts do not work, you might try the procedure on a different workstation in the event that the particular workstation is having communications problems. If none of these attempts result in a successful login, then you should report your problems to your laboratory or course instructor. Statistics faculty and Master of Applied Statistics students should see the laboratory administrator for help with their Departmental accounts.

Motif Menus

The Motif Window Manager (mwm) provides a set of hierarchical menus that are attached to the mouse buttons when the mouse pointer is aimed at the X-windows background and a mouse button pressed and held. Often the X-windows background will be a grey or yellow background, but can be changed via programs and from the Motif Menu. Note that the X-window background is not the area within any of the displayed windows. To activate the menu, aim the mouse pointer at the background and press and hold one of the mouse buttons. Each button can be assigned different menus. In our laboratory, the left and right buttons provide the same system menu, while the center button is associated with the Advanced Statistical Computing Laboratory menu, from which SAS, S-plus, Maple, WordPerfect, FrameMaker, and many utilities are available. For most of the work that you will be doing from the workstations, this will be the menu of greatest interest, and so you should take some time to look through the various menus and submenus presented by Motif. Submenus are indicated by a small arrowhead located on the right side of a menu item. The submenus are displayed when the mouse pointer is aimed at the menu item of interest.

To access an item on the submenu, you can use one of two methods. The first method is to move the mouse pointer along the menu into the submenu while continuing to hold down the mouse button and releasing the button when the desired submenu item is selected. This is the fastest method as it doesn't require additional clicks of the mouse, but it also requires the most hand-to-mouse coordination. The second is to release the mouse button on the desired menu item, then move the pointer over the desired submenu item and select the submenu item by pressing the left mouse button.

Logout

Please log out when you leave the workstation. An unattended and logged-in account is a major security hazard and also prevents anyone else from using the workstation. Prior to logging out, be sure to save any work in program editors, word processors, and other software and exit these programs. Software such as SAS opens several to many temporary files and these are only cleared when you exit SAS. The logout process will "kill" a running SAS session but will not clean up the temporary files. Most programs, such as SAS, have an exit command on pull-down menus within their windows. Use these as opposed to "killing" the window as is common for MS Windows programs.

To logout, use the Motif Menu method above to select any of the Motif Menu items, then the last menu item is "LOGOUT". Select the "LOGOUT" option and a submenu will be displayed which says "OK". Select "OK" on this submenu to complete the logout process. Carefully watch to see that your windows are closed and that the logout process is actually activated. The Xdm login box should eventually appear on the screen after a successful logout.

Terminal Locking

The terminal (the X-windows gui display) is continually monitored for activity and if it becomes idle for more than about 5 minutes will self-lock and begin running a window blanker or screen saver. The terminal is active whenever keys are pressed or the mouse is moved. The locking procedure is used as a security measure for unattended terminals and for special student projects (with permission of the laboratory administrator) that may require extensive non-interactive cpu time. If you need to leave the laboratory for a very short time (such as to go to the restroom) you can select the xlock program from the left or right button Motif Menu system to lock the terminal until your return.

To UNLOCK the terminal, press the enter key, and then enter your password and the enter key at the prompt. Accounts that are left locked for long periods of time (> 1 hr) are subject to suspension. There are other classes and students that use the laboratory, so DO NOT lock the terminals or leave an account logged-in and unattended for more than a few minutes, say, to pick up a printout from the printers.

Changing Your Password

Make an aixterm window active by pointing the cursor at any aixterm window and pressing the left mouse button. The aixterm window usually has a white background and will have a prompt that may look like: [binomial:ex300199]. You should see a cursor to the right of the prompt. Enter the command passwd. You will then be prompted to enter your OLD password (this is for security reasons to prevent someone else from changing your password) and then you will enter your NEW password. You will be prompted for the NEW password a second time in order to verify it as correct. You should select passwords that are

1. Easy to remember so that you won't have to write it down or have to ask the system administrator to make a new password,
2. Not easily guessed such as your name or user id,
3. 8 characters or more in length,
4. Uses mixed case and numbers as much as possible, and
5. Are NOT words in dictionaries as crackers have programs to try all words in computer dictionaries, famous peoples names, common names, places, etc.

As a part of security audit procedures, the system administrator periodically runs software to "crack" passwords. If your password is "cracked", you will be asked to change it or a new one will be assigned to your account.

Unix File System

Directory Structure and Names

The UNIX file system in AIX consists of physical devices and locations on the devices (disk drives and volumes) that are organized into a single logical file system. The file system begins with a single directory called the "root" directory, referenced by /, and then other directories that branch like tree branches from the root directory. For example, the home directory of user "ex300199" might be /home/exst3001/ex300199. This directory structure is read from left to right where the initial / is the root directory, home is a subdirectory attached to the root directory, exst3001 is a subdirectory of the home subdirectory, and ex300199 is a subdirectory of the exst3001 subdirectory. Note that a / separates subdirectory and file names in the list. From henceforth, directory and subdirectory will be used interchangeably. This user might have a WordPerfect file named report1.wp in her home directory and it would be referenced as /home/exst3001/ex300199/report1.wp. Each of these references have been absolute references to the files or directories.

Files can also be referenced in relative ways as well. If the present working directory of the user is /home/exst3001/ex300199, then the above WordPerfect file could also be specified as simply report1.wp. Note that the initial / must be omitted from a relative reference. Further, the reference is made relative to the present working directory. If the present working directory had been /home/exst3001, then the file could have been referenced as ex300199/report1.wp. The present working directory can be found using the pwd command. Usually, software started from the Motif Menu will have a pwd of the user's home directory. Some software, such as SAS, permit the user to change the pwd of the software from menus within the software itself.

There are several special file and directory references as well. A single dot, ".", can be used to reference the present working directory, while double-dots, "..", can be used to reference the next higher or parent directory of the present working directory. A user's home directory can be referenced using a tilde, "~", or via the environment variable " $HOME". Thus, user ex300199 could also reference the WordPerfect file as "~/report1.wp " and " $HOME/report1.wp". These short-cuts can be useful when opening and saving files in software.

The cd command can be used to change directory to any other directory in the filesystem (providing you have authorization to do so by the system). One important short-cut is to issue the cd command without specifying a directory. This will make the user's home directory the present working directory.

To get a directory listing of a directory you may use the UNIX ls or li commands among many others. To get a more detailed listing of the files, along with their sizes, and file permissions, add the option -l to the ls command. An alias command called dir has been written that will issue the ls -al command. This is often easier for users familiar with MS DOS. Some examples are

		ls
		ls -l *.sas
		dir
		dir ~/*.sas

Note the use of wildcards for matching only certain files of interest. A directory listing using the dir command might look like:

	drwxrwxr-x   4 barry    admn7013    1536 Jan  5 15:34 .
	drwxr-xr-x  23 root     admn7013     512 Jan  4 14:20 ..
	-rw-rw-r--   1 barry    admn7013    1655 Mar 12 1995  1factor.sas
	-rw-rw-r--   1 barry    admn7013    2908 Mar 12 1995  2factor.sas
	-rw-rw-r--   1 barry    admn7013   51256 Feb 13 1995  boston.data
	-rw-rw-r--   1 barry    admn7013   16384 Sep 21 1993  business.ssd01
	-rw-rw-r--   1 barry    admn7013   24576 Sep 21 1993  gpa.ssd01
	-rw-rw-r--   1 barry    admn7013    2781 Feb 20 1995  homicide.sas
	-rw-rw-r--   1 barry    admn7013   16384 Sep 21 1993  iris.ssd01
	drwxrwxr-x   2 barry    admn7013    4096 Jan  5 15:39 ott
	-rw-rw-r--   1 barry    admn7013   16384 Sep 21 1993  ship.ssd01
	drwxrwxr-x   2 barry    admn7013     512 Jan  5 15:32 sp95
	-rw-rw-r--   1 barry    admn7013    1276 Feb 20 1995  squid.sas
	-rw-rw-r--   1 rebecca  admn7013     520 Apr 12 1995  tab10-19

The first column gives the file type and permissions (not discussed here other than directories start with a "d", and r, w, and x mean read, write, and execute privilege), the third column gives the name of the owner of the file, the fourth column gives the group assigned to the file by the owner, the fifth column gives the size of the file in bytes, the next three columns give the last update date of the file, and then the name of the file follows.

It is also important to be aware that many of the files and directories actually reside physically on another workstation or server on the network. The file system automounter makes loading these files and directories nearly transparent. However, some software, such as SAS, will often use the pathways used by the automounter rather than the logical pathways to list files. These automounter paths may have something like /tmp_mnt/stage prepended to file names. You do not need to edit out these automounter names when you open or save files.

Saving Files

The software that you use will have some mechanism for saving files generated by the software. You should put your files in your home directory. Typically, you will only have authority to place files within your home or its subdirectories or the temporary directories (which are cleared daily). Do not attempt to save directly to the diskette drives. Writing to the diskette drives requires special software described in the section on MS DOS Diskettes.

File Operations

UNIX provides many commands for working with files. An abbreviated listing will be given to introduce some of the commands to you. Use Info/Explorer or the manual pages to learn more about any that you might need to use.

• cp - copy files within the UNIX file system.
• mv - move or rename files
• rm - remove or delete files
• mkdir - make a new directory
• rmdir - remove an existing but empty directory
• more - examine or browse an ascii or text file
• less - alternative file browser with more capabilities than more
• ls - list the contents of a directory
• li - list the contents of a directory
• cd - change to a new present working directory
• pwd - print the name of the present working directory
• df - list the amount of assigned and free space in the logical volumes in the file system

Running Software

SAS

The SAS System software can be started for interactive use from the Data Analysis submenu of the main Motif Menu. Since SAS is a large system it may take a short while to load and the workstation may appear to have stalled. DO NOT select SAS from the Motif Menu again unless you have verified that SAS is not, in fact, loading. Depending upon the network and workstation load, SAS might take a minute or so to load. If you should happen to start more than one SAS session, the second and subsequent sessions will have windows that will be numbered as SAS2, SAS3, etc. You should close these sessions by selecting "File->Exit" from the program or log windows of these sessions.

If you are new to the Display Manager windows of SAS, you should select "Help->Keys" from the program window to learn the functions of the various function keys. You should also browse through the various options of the pull-down menus for each window. Note that SAS/INSIGHT, SAS/LAB, SAS/GIS, and other products can be started from the "Globals" pull-down menu. INSIGHT is referenced as "Interactive Data Analysis" while LAB is referred to as "Guided Data Analysis".

Always exit SAS before logging out. SAS creates a number of temporary files that take up space on the workstation that are not freed if the SAS program is "killed" by the logout command or by "killing" the SAS windows. Be sure to use "File->Exit" from the program or log windows to end SAS rather than by killing the windows.

Data files stored on the UNIX system, such as in your home directory, can be read using an INFILE statement within a SAS data step. For example, assume that I have an ascii text data set named "simple.data" located in my home directory and containing 3 columns corresponding with the variables X, Y, and Z. This data can be read in using the data step:

		Filename MyData "~/simple.data";
		Data One;
		  Infile MyData;
		  Input X Y Z;
		Run;

Note that upper and lower case are sensitive within the double quotes and so the file name MUST BE written exactly as it appears in the file system, including upper and lower case as appropriate.

This data set can also be saved as a permanent SAS data set in my home directory and accessed at a later time without the need for the data input step by using a LIBNAME statement and a two-level data set name.

		Filename MyData "~/simple.data";
		Libname MySAS "~"; /* Only a Directory Name */
		Data MySAS.One;
		  Infile MyData;
		  Input X Y Z;
		Run;

In a subsequent session (say the next day), all that would be needed to compute the means of X, Y, and Z would be a program such as:

		Libname MySAS "~"; /* Only a Directory Name */
		Proc Means Data=MySAS.One;
		  Var X Y Z;
		Run;

If you would like to transfer SAS data sets from other versions of SAS, such as the mainframe or PC versions of SAS, to UNIX, or from UNIX to these versions, you will first need to convert the SAS data set into a transport data set. After the transport data set is created, it is moved as a BINARY file (not as an ascii or text file) from one system to the other. Then it is imported from the transport format into the SAS format on the other platform. The SAS procedures PROC CPORT and PROC CIMPORT are used to make these conversions. See the SAS documentation and on-line help for the details.

Maple

Maple provides numerical and symbolic computation functions. It can be started from the Data Analysis submenu of the main Motif Menu and will provide the user with a graphical user interface that will typeset formulas and results. It can also produce graphics of equations and models.

The graphical windows produced by Maple can be pasted into the formula window by selecting "Copy" from the graphics "Edit" menu, then selecting "Paste" from the "Edit" menu of the formula window. Be sure to have the cursor positioned in the proper position prior to pasting.

Netscape

Netscape is a graphical interface (browser) for the World Wide Web (WWW). It can be started from the Motif Menu under the Communications submenu. Using the left mouse button to click on "links" will take you to other WWW documents. Select HELP from the Netscape application to learn about the WWW and Netscape.

Since large amounts of data and files can be downloaded over the internet, the home file system can become full very quickly. Thus, only download files that you will use, and then move them to diskettes for storage (be sure to remove them from your home).

WordPerfect

Version 5.1 of WordPerfect is currently available in the laboratory from the Motif Menu under the Document Processing submenu. By default, a graphical user interface is provided, including pull-down menus. A character-based interface is also available from the Motif Menu that will function in an aixterm window. The character-based interface uses key-strokes to perform WP functions. Note that the Alt-key functions under DOS are performed by using Ctrl-Shift instead of Alt, as the Alt-keys correspond with Motif window manager commands in the Unix X-windows environment.

If WP does not load on your workstation, it is possible that the WordPerfect license manager is not operating. You can check the status of the license manager by issuing the wpstatus command in an aixterm window. The status of the daemon should be UP. If it is not, you should alert the laboratory administrator and indicate that the WordPerfect license daemon is not functioning properly.

Occasionally the print queues will go DOWN, as when the printers are out of paper. If you print a WordPerfect document but it does not appear on the printers, you should first check the status of the print queues before printing a second or third copy.

Printing

Print Queues

The appropriate print queues for the laboratory are ps and pcl and correspond with postscript, and HP laserjet pcl language (as well as ascii text), respectively. The current printers will automatically switch between postscript and pcl and so the choice of a queue should not be a concern at this time. If you should have to supply a print command to a program, you should be able to use the command:

		lpr -Pps -h

to provide printing support.

Queue Status

When the printers run out of paper, the printer will signal the server that the printer is out of paper. Unfortunately, the server will usually put the queue in the DOWN state when this happens and does not bring the queue back UP until the laboratory administrator signals the server to bring the queue UP. Thus, if you print a file and "nothing" appears to happen, first check the status of the print queues to determine whether or not any print queues are down. To list the status of all queues on the workstation use the command

		enq -A

and then report any DOWN queues to your lab instructor or to the laboratory administrator. Submitting additional files to the DOWN queues will not "force" the queue UP, but will only result in the printing of many copies of the same document when the queues are brought back up later. If the ps queue, for example, is DOWN while the pcl queue is UP, you might be able to get a printout by insuring that the printers are loaded with paper and are ON LINE, then printing your document to the pcl queue.

MS DOS Diskettes and Files

		man mtools
		man mdir
		man mcopy

DOS Directory Listing

The mdir command will list the directory in an MS DOS directory listing style. If wildcards are used, then the argument must be enclosed with quotes to prevent the UNIX shell from interpreting the wildcard before it is passed to the directory program.

		mdir a:

		mdir "a:*.sas"

Reading DOS Diskettes

To read a DOS file from a diskette to the UNIX file system, use the mcopy command. If the file contains ascii text, such as a SAS program or listing file, then the "text" option to the command must be used. Otherwise, the file is assumed to be binary, such as a WordPerfect document.

		mcopy -t a:prog1.sas program1.sas

		mcopy -t "a:*.sas" .

		mcopy a:report.wp /home/exst3001/ex300199

The first two examples copy ascii text files while the third is an example of copying a binary file. The first example also renames the file and places it in the current working directory. The second example keeps the same file names as on the diskette and places them in the current working directory (as indicated by the dot "."). Note the quotes around the wildcard request. The third example copies the WordPerfect file to a specified directory. Note that mcopy expects both a source and destination file.

Writing DOS Diskettes

Writing UNIX files to DOS is performed as for reading, just in the opposite direction, but with one important exception. UNIX file names do not have to conform to the DOS 8.3 naming convention and so may have to be truncated and altered to fit the 8.3 convention. This can have important consequences when wildcards are used to copy many files to the floppy where the first 8 characters of a name and the extension all match. Mcopy will treat them as the same file when copied so only the last file will actually be saved on the diskette. For these situations, you may have to copy the files one at a time and rename them as they are copied.

		mcopy -t program1.sas a:prog1.sas

		mcopy -t *.sas a:

Each of these examples uses the text switch for ascii text files. Leave the -t off for binary files. The first example renames the UNIX file on the DOS diskette. The second example copies all files ending in ".sas" to the diskette. Note that files such as "programs1.sas" and "programs2.sas" would both be truncated to the name "programs.sas" and so only the last one copied would actually be saved on the diskette. Note that mcopy expects both a source and destination file.

Formatting DOS Diskettes

The floppy drive can use 0.72, 1.44, and 2.88 Mb diskettes, but I recommend the use of 1.44 Mb (double-sided, high-density) diskettes as this is the most common size on PCs at the present time. I recommend that you format DOS floppies on the DOS computer on which they will be ultimately used when possible. This will insure that the formats are compatible. However, diskettes can be formatted by the workstations. Use the dosformat or mformat commands to format floppy diskettes for use as MS DOS diskettes. The UNIX format command will format the diskette for use with UNIX commands such as tar and cpio.

		mformat a:

E-Mail

E-Mail Address

The internet electronic mail addresses of all accounts administered through the Advanced Statistical Computing Laboratory have the same domain address of stat.lsu.edu. Thus, if your user id were ex300199, then your electronic mail address would be ex300199@stat.lsu.edu. Again, this is only for users with accounts in the Advanced Statistical Computing Laboratory.

Pine Mail

The Pine Mail program is an ascii interface program for sending, viewing, and managing electronic mail. It is also relatively easy to use and learn and so will be the product described in this document. AIX and UNIX supply alternative mail programs and others may be available on the system as well. The Pine Mail program is accessible from the Motif Menu under Communications.

Once the Pine Mail window is made active by pointing and clicking with the left mouse button on the Pine Mail window bar, keyboard commands are used to control the program. NOTE: The Pine Mail program will not operate using mouse clicks. The keyboard short-cuts are listed as the bottom 2-lines of the Pine window. Letters prefixed with a carat, "^", indicate that the control key (Ctrl) is to be pressed and held while pressing the indicated letter.

If Pine has not been executed by your account before (usually the case for new accounts), then the mail program will prompt you as to whether or not to retrieve a document describing the Pine Mail program. I would encourage you to answer "yes", and then to read the document when it arrives in your mail box a while later.

The initial Pine window will look something like

---

  PINE 3.91   MAIN MENU                            Folder: INBOX  28 Messages   


       ?     HELP               -  Get help using Pine

       C     COMPOSE MESSAGE    -  Compose and send/post a message

       I     FOLDER INDEX       -  View messages in current folder

       L     FOLDER LIST        -  Select a folder OR news group to view

       A     ADDRESS BOOK       -  Update address book

       S     SETUP              -  Configure or update Pine

       Q     QUIT               -  Exit the Pine program





   Copyright 1989-1994.  PINE is a trademark of the University of Washington.

? Help                     P PrevCmd                  R RelNotes
O OTHER CMDS L [ListFldrs] N NextCmd                  K KBLock

---

Your new mail will be found in the INBOX folder. Select FOLDER LIST from the main menu, then, depending upon whether or not you have Pine configured to read "news", you will either see the INBOX folder or you will see the line Folder-collection <mail/[]> with a line below it that reads [ Select Here to See Expanded List ] as shown below.

---

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Folder-collection <mail/[]>  ** Default for Saves **                     (Local)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                      [ Select Here to See Expanded List ]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
News-collection <News on te6000.otc.lsu.edu>                            (Remote)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                      [ Select Here to See Expanded List ]

---

Press the enter key to see the expanded list, then select the INBOX folder and press enter. If you have mail, then an index of messages will be present. Move the selector up or down with the arrow keys to select messages. When selected, press the enter key to view the message. Pressing "N" while viewing a message will move to the next message.

As mail can build up quickly, you must check your mail regularly and delete or save your messages. DO NOT leave your mail messages in the INBOX. To save a message, press the "S" key while viewing the message to be saved, then enter a mail folder in which to save the message. You should name your folders something meaningful so that you can find these letters in the future. The FOLDER LIST will show all folders that you have created. To delete a message, simply press the "D" key while viewing the message to be deleted. The messages are not actually deleted, however, until you either expunge the messages from the INDEX list or when you quit the Pine Mail program. Thus, be sure to quit the mail program when you are finished with your mail.

To compose a mail message, press "C", then fill in the recipients address, mail subject, and body of the mail message. When finished, press Ctrl-X to send the message. Mail addresses can be collected in the Pine Mail address book and expedite the mailing process.

Mail Notification

Depending upon your account configuration, you may have a mail notification window that will beep and pop-up when new mail arrives. Further, on most student accounts, if mail exists in your INBOX folder, then the Pine Mail program will be started automatically at login time.

On-line Help

There are a number of manual pages for non-operating system software available as well, and the man command will also search the Info/Explorer data base. If you need additional information about a UNIX command or its use or other software, give the manual pages a try.

		man ls
		man xv
		man sas
		man maple

Additional References

• Todino, G., J. Strang, and J. Peek. 1993. Learning the UNIX Operating System, 3rd ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA.
• Peek, J., T. O'Reilly, and M. Loukides. 1993. UNIX Power Tools. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA.
• Rosenblatt, B. 1993. Learning the Korn Shell. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA.
• Liu, C., J. Peek, R. Jones, B. Buus, and A. Nye. 1994. Managing Internet Information Services. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA.

This document was authored by Barry Moser. Send your comments to barry@stat.lsu.edu.

Last updated January 9, 1996.