Mantel Test for Spatial Autocorrelation
Shellfish Distributions

**************************************************************;
* ShellfishMantel.sas -- Compute Mantel's test of spatial    *;
* correlation for the pipis and cockles shellfish data       *;
* reported in Manly 2001:224.                                *;
*                                                            *;
* Data: Manly, B.F.J. 2001. Statistics for Environmental     *;
* Science and Management. Chapman & Hall, Boca Raton, p.224. *;
*                                                            *;
* Barry Moser, Dept. Experimental Statistics, Louisiana      *;
* State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-5606.              *;
* Date: 03/02/2001                                           *;
**************************************************************;
Options PS=55 LS=80 PageNo=1 NoDate FullSTimer
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Title1 "Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation";
Data Pipis;
 Input LowWaterDistance @;
 Do BeachDistance=0 To 200 By 20;
  Input Count @;
  Quadrat+1;
  Output;
 End;
 Label LowWaterDistance="Distance From Low Water (m)"
       BeachDistance="Distance Along Beach (m)"
       Count="Counts of Pipis (Paphies australis)"
       Quadrat="Sampling Quadrat ID";
Datalines;
 0   1   0   4   0   0   0   3   0   2   0   0
10   0   0   0   0 104   0   0   0   1   0   0
20   7  24   0   0 240   0   0 103   1   0   0
30  20   0   0   0   0   0   3 250   7   0   0
40  20   0   2   4   0 222   0 174   4   0  58
50   0   0  11   0   0 126   0  62   7   6  29
60   0   0   7   0   0   0   0   0  23   7  29
70   0   0   0   0  89   0   0   7   8   0  30
;

Proc Print Data=Pipis;
 Id Quadrat;
Run;

Title2 "Map of the Data";
Proc Plot Data=Pipis;
 Plot LowWaterDistance*BeachDistance=" " $ Count / Box
      VRef=5 15 25 35 45 55 65
      HRef=10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190;
Run;
Quit;

Title2 "Summary Statistics";
Proc Means Data=Pipis N Mean Var Min Max;
 Var Count;
Run;


Title2 "Mantel Test";
%Macro Mantel(Data=_LAST_,X=X,Y=Y,Count=Count,Dist=Stats,Diag=Diagnostics,Reps=999,Seed=0);
/*
 * Mantel Randomization Test for Spatial Correlation.
 * Generate the distance information and absolute 
 * differences between response counts. There will
 * be n(n-1)/2 distances and differences. Then compute
 * correlation between the distances and differences
 * and between inverse distances and differences.
 * Test by randomizing the assignment of counts to
 * quadrats and recomputing above correlations.
 */
Proc IML;

 Start Dist;
  Use &Data;
  Read All Var{&X &Y} Into X;
  Read All Var{&Count} Into Y;
  Close &Data;
  n=NRow(X);
  l=n*(n-1)/2; /* number of different elements needed */
  D=J(l,2,0);  /* Inter-quadrat Distances and Inverse Distances */
  C=J(l,1,0);  /* Inter-quadrat abs difference in response */
  k=0;
  Do i=1 To n-1;
   Do j=i+1 To n;
    k=k+1;
    Diff=X[i,]-X[j,];
    D[k,1]=Sqrt(Diff*Diff`); /* Compute Euclidean Distance From Centers */
	If D[k,1]>0 Then D[k,2]=1/D[k,1];
    C[k]=Abs(Y[i]-Y[j]);
   End;
  End;
  /* If requested, save the observed information for plotting */
  %If "&Diag" NE "" %Then
   %Do;
    Colnames={"AbsDifference" "Distance" "InverseDist"};
	CD=C||D;
	Create &Diag From CD[Colname=Colnames];
	Append From CD;
	Close &Diag;
	Free CD Colnames;
   %End;
  /* Now Center Both Vectors About Their Means */
  CMean=Sum(C)/l; 
  C=C-CMean;
  D[,1]=D[,1]-(D[+,1]/l);
  D[,2]=D[,2]-(D[+,2]/l);
  /* Compute correlation between distances and differences in responses */
  CpCDpD1=Sqrt((C`*C)*(D[,1]`*D[,1]));
  r1=(C`*D[,1])/CpCDpD1;
  CpCDpD2=Sqrt((C`*C)*(D[,2]`*D[,2]));
  r2=(C`*D[,2])/CpCDpD2;
 Finish Dist;
 Run Dist;
 
 Start Randomize;
  /* Randomly order the counts relative to the distances */
  /* and compute correlation again.                      */
  Reps=&Reps;
  R=J(Reps,2,0);
  Do m=1 To Reps;
    U=Uniform(Repeat(&Seed,n,1));
    Temp=Y; Y[Rank(U),]=Temp;
	k=0;
    Do i=1 To n-1;
     Do j=i+1 To n;
      k=k+1;
      C[k]=Abs(Y[i]-Y[j]);
     End;
    End;
    C=C-CMean;
    R[m,1]=(C`*D[,1])/CpCDpD1;
    R[m,2]=(C`*D[,2])/CpCDpD2;
  End;
  R=(r1||r2)//R;
  p1=(Rank(R[,1])[1])/(Reps+1);
  If p1 < 0.5 Then p1=p1*2;
  Else p1=2*(1-p1);
  p2=(Rank(R[,2])[1])/(Reps+1);
  If p2 < 0.5 Then p2=p2*2;
  Else p2=2*(1-p2);
 Finish;
 Run Randomize;

 Print "Mantel Randomization Test For Spatial Correlation";
 Print "Correlation Between Distances and Response Differences: " r1, 
       "Probability of more extreme value: " p1;
 Print "Correlation Between Inverse Distances and Response Differences: " r2, 
       "Probability of more extreme value: " p2;
 
 %If "&Dist" NE "" %Then
  %Do;
   Colnames={"R1" "R2"};
   Create &Dist From R[Colname=Colnames];
   Append From R;
   Close &Dist;
  %End;

Quit;
%Mend Mantel;

%Mantel(Data=Pipis,X=LowWaterDistance,Y=BeachDistance,Count=Count,
        Reps=9999,Dist=Stats,Diag=Diagnostics);

Title3 "Distributions of Test Statistics";
Proc Chart Data=Stats;
 VBar R1 R2;
Run;

Proc Univariate Data=Stats;
 Var R1 R2;
Run;

Title3 "Diagnostics";
Proc Plot Data=Diagnostics;
 Plot AbsDifference*(Distance InverseDist);
Run;
Quit;

Title1 "Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation";
Data Cockles;
 Input LowWaterDistance @;
 Do BeachDistance=0 To 200 By 20;
  Input Count @;
  Quadrat+1;
  Output;
 End;
 Label LowWaterDistance="Distance From Low Water (m)"
       BeachDistance="Distance Along Beach (m)"
       Count="Counts of Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi)"
       Quadrat="Sampling Quadrat ID";
Datalines;
 0   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10   0  0  0  0  7  0  0  0  0  0  0
20   0  0  0  0  9  0  0  3  6  0  0
30   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
40   1  0  0  5  0  0  0  7  0  0 10
50   0  0  0  0  0  7  0 10  1  1 19
60   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  2
70   0  0  0  0  2  0  0  2  0  0 16
;

Proc Print Data=Cockles;
 Id Quadrat;
Run;

Title2 "Map of the Data";
Proc Plot Data=Cockles;
 Plot LowWaterDistance*BeachDistance=" " $ Count / Box
      VRef=5 15 25 35 45 55 65
      HRef=10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190;
Run;
Quit;

Title2 "Summary Statistics";
Proc Means Data=Cockles N Mean Var Min Max;
 Var Count;
Run;

%Mantel(Data=Cockles,X=LowWaterDistance,Y=BeachDistance,Count=Count,
        Reps=9999,Dist=Stats2,Diag=Diagnostics2);

Title3 "Distributions of Test Statistics";
Proc Chart Data=Stats2;
 VBar R1 R2;
Run;

Proc Univariate Data=Stats2;
 Var R1 R2;
Run;

Title3 "Diagnostics";
Proc Plot Data=Diagnostics2;
 Plot AbsDifference*(Distance InverseDist);
Run;
Quit;


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation

Quadrat LowWaterDistance BeachDistance Count
1 0 0 1
2 0 20 0
3 0 40 4
4 0 60 0
5 0 80 0
6 0 100 0
7 0 120 3
8 0 140 0
9 0 160 2
10 0 180 0
11 0 200 0
12 10 0 0
13 10 20 0
14 10 40 0
15 10 60 0
16 10 80 104
17 10 100 0
18 10 120 0
19 10 140 0
20 10 160 1
21 10 180 0
22 10 200 0
23 20 0 7
24 20 20 24
25 20 40 0
26 20 60 0
27 20 80 240
28 20 100 0
29 20 120 0
30 20 140 103
31 20 160 1
32 20 180 0
33 20 200 0
34 30 0 20
35 30 20 0
36 30 40 0
37 30 60 0
38 30 80 0
39 30 100 0
40 30 120 3
41 30 140 250
42 30 160 7
43 30 180 0
44 30 200 0
45 40 0 20
46 40 20 0
47 40 40 2
48 40 60 4
49 40 80 0
50 40 100 222
51 40 120 0
52 40 140 174
53 40 160 4
54 40 180 0
55 40 200 58
56 50 0 0
57 50 20 0
58 50 40 11
59 50 60 0
60 50 80 0
61 50 100 126
62 50 120 0
63 50 140 62
64 50 160 7
65 50 180 6
66 50 200 29
67 60 0 0
68 60 20 0
69 60 40 7
70 60 60 0
71 60 80 0
72 60 100 0
73 60 120 0
74 60 140 0
75 60 160 23
76 60 180 7
77 60 200 29
78 70 0 0
79 70 20 0
80 70 40 0
81 70 60 0
82 70 80 89
83 70 100 0
84 70 120 0
85 70 140 7
86 70 160 8
87 70 180 0
88 70 200 30

 


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Map of the Data

       Plot of LowWaterDistance*BeachDistance$Count.  Symbol used is ' '.       
                                                                                
     --+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+--
  70 + 0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  89  |  0   |  0   |  7   |  8   |  0   |  30+
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
  60 + 0   |  0   |  7   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  23  |  7   |  29+
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
D    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
i    |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
s    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
t    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
a 50 + 0   |  0   |  11  |  0   |  0   | 126  |  0   |  62  |  7   |  6   |  29+
n    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
c    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
e    |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
F    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
r 40 + 20  |  0   |  2   |  4   |  0   | 222  |  0   | 174  |  4   |  0   |  58+
o    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
m    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
L    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
o    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
w 30 + 20  |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  3   | 250  |  7   |  0   |  0 +
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
W    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
a    |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
t    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
e    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
r 20 + 7   |  24  |  0   |  0   | 240  |  0   |  0   | 103  |  1   |  0   |  0 +
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
(    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
m    |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
)    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
  10 + 0   |  0   |  0   |  0   | 104  |  0   |  0   |  0   |  1   |  0   |  0 +
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
   0 + 1   |  0   |  4   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  3   |  0   |  2   |  0   |  0 +
     --+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+--
       0     20     40     60     80     100    120    140    160    180    200 
                                                                                
                              Distance Along Beach (m)                          

 


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Summary Statistics

The MEANS Procedure

Analysis Variable : Count Counts of Pipis (Paphies australis)
N Mean Variance Minimum Maximum
88 19.2613636 2580.70 0 250.0000000

 


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Mantel Test

Mantel Randomization Test For Spatial Correlation
 
  R1
Correlation Between Distances and Response Differences: -0.108933
 
  P1
Probability of more extreme value: 0.0074
 
  R2
Correlation Between Inverse Distances and Response Differences: 0.0337107
 
  P2
Probability of more extreme value: 0.088

 


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Mantel Test
Distributions of Test Statistics

     Frequency                                                                  
                                                                                
     800 +                         * * *                                        
         |                       * * * *                                        
         |                       * * * *                                        
         |                       * * * *                                        
         |                     * * * * *                                        
     700 +                     * * * * * *                                      
         |                   * * * * * * *                                      
         |                   * * * * * * * *                                    
         |                   * * * * * * * *                                    
         |                   * * * * * * * *                                    
     600 +                   * * * * * * * *                                    
         |                   * * * * * * * *                                    
         |                   * * * * * * * * *                                  
         |                 * * * * * * * * * *                                  
         |                 * * * * * * * * * *                                  
     500 +                 * * * * * * * * * *                                  
         |                 * * * * * * * * * *                                  
         |                 * * * * * * * * * *                                  
         |               * * * * * * * * * * * *                                
         |               * * * * * * * * * * * *                                
     400 +               * * * * * * * * * * * *                                
         |               * * * * * * * * * * * *                                
         |               * * * * * * * * * * * *                                
         |             * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                              
         |             * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                              
     300 +             * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                              
         |             * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                            
         |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                            
         |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                            
         |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                            
     200 +           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                            
         |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                        
         |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                        
         |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                        
         |         * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                        
     100 +         * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                      
         |         * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                    
         |       * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                  
         |     * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                  
         |   * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *            
         ------------------------------------------------------------------     
           - - - - - - - - - - - - -                                            
           0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0      
           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      
           1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1      
           3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8      
                                                                                
                                     R1 Midpoint                                

 


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Mantel Test
Distributions of Test Statistics

      Frequency                                                                 
                                                                                
      1000 +                                       *                            
           |                                       *                            
           |                                       *                            
           |                                       *                            
       900 +                                       *                            
           |                                     * * *                          
           |                                     * * *                          
           |                                     * * *                          
       800 +                                   * * * * *                        
           |                                   * * * * *                        
           |                                 * * * * * *                        
           |                                 * * * * * * *                      
       700 +                               * * * * * * * *                      
           |                               * * * * * * * *                      
           |                               * * * * * * * *                      
           |                               * * * * * * * *                      
       600 +                               * * * * * * * *                      
           |                               * * * * * * * * *                    
           |                               * * * * * * * * *                    
           |                             * * * * * * * * * *                    
       500 +                             * * * * * * * * * *                    
           |                             * * * * * * * * * *                    
           |                             * * * * * * * * * *                    
           |                             * * * * * * * * * *                    
       400 +                           * * * * * * * * * * * *                  
           |                           * * * * * * * * * * * *                  
           |                           * * * * * * * * * * * *                  
           |                           * * * * * * * * * * * *                  
       300 +                         * * * * * * * * * * * * *                  
           |                         * * * * * * * * * * * * *                  
           |                       * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                
           |                       * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                
       200 +                       * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                
           |                     * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *              
           |                     * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *              
           |                   * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *              
       100 +                   * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *              
           |                 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *            
           |             * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *            
           |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *          
           --------------------------------------------------------------       
             - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -                                
             0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0        
             . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        
             0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0        
             9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5        
             0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5        
                                                                                
                                     R2 Midpoint                                

 


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Mantel Test
Distributions of Test Statistics

The UNIVARIATE Procedure
Variable: R1

Moments
N 10000 Sum Weights 10000
Mean -0.0004284 Sum Observations -4.283679
Std Deviation 0.04770601 Variance 0.00227586
Skewness 0.27246389 Kurtosis -0.1482817
Uncorrected SS 22.7581914 Corrected SS 22.7563564
Coeff Variation -11136.691 Std Error Mean 0.00047706
 
Basic Statistical Measures
Location Variability
Mean -0.00043 Std Deviation 0.04771
Median -0.00235 Variance 0.00228
Mode . Range 0.31024
    Interquartile Range 0.06607
 
Tests for Location: Mu0=0
Test Statistic p Value
Student's t t -0.89793 Pr > |t| 0.3692
Sign M -205 Pr >= |M| <.0001
Signed Rank S -908028 Pr >= |S| 0.0017
 
Quantiles (Definition 5)
Quantile Estimate
100% Max 0.17799602
99% 0.11968977
95% 0.08326913
90% 0.06240257
75% Q3 0.03113203
50% Median -0.00235121
25% Q1 -0.03493904
10% -0.06053032
5% -0.07470789
1% -0.09736562
0% Min -0.13224362
 
Extreme Observations
Lowest Highest
Value Obs Value Obs
-0.132244 8878 0.161691 8365
-0.131305 926 0.167516 3488
-0.127912 7389 0.167837 9550
-0.126169 8058 0.168583 7605
-0.124864 1808 0.177996 8342

 


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Mantel Test
Distributions of Test Statistics

The UNIVARIATE Procedure
Variable: R2

Moments
N 10000 Sum Weights 10000
Mean 0.00014652 Sum Observations 1.46516842
Std Deviation 0.02140455 Variance 0.00045815
Skewness -0.3904671 Kurtosis 0.02073714
Uncorrected SS 4.5813039 Corrected SS 4.58108923
Coeff Variation 14608.9345 Std Error Mean 0.00021405
 
Basic Statistical Measures
Location Variability
Mean 0.000147 Std Deviation 0.02140
Median 0.001911 Variance 0.0004582
Mode . Range 0.14611
    Interquartile Range 0.02937
 
Tests for Location: Mu0=0
Test Statistic p Value
Student's t t 0.684513 Pr > |t| 0.4937
Sign M 322 Pr >= |M| <.0001
Signed Rank S 1141069 Pr >= |S| <.0001
 
Quantiles (Definition 5)
Quantile Estimate
100% Max 0.05642139
99% 0.04232190
95% 0.03272122
90% 0.02651513
75% Q3 0.01566508
50% Median 0.00191137
25% Q1 -0.01370809
10% -0.02847577
5% -0.03760029
1% -0.05611179
0% Min -0.08969064
 
Extreme Observations
Lowest Highest
Value Obs Value Obs
-0.0896906 3488 0.0530875 8988
-0.0824566 594 0.0556685 6736
-0.0822273 8342 0.0557239 1389
-0.0797207 9550 0.0560249 9006
-0.0772502 7605 0.0564214 283

 


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Mantel Test
Diagnostics

      Plot of AbsDifference*Distance.  Legend: A = 1 obs, B = 2 obs, etc.       
                                                                                
          252 +       D E AECC DDC  BBC  C A  DC   DA                           
              |       C A BAAA      A    AB        A                            
              |    A  H C AGFABAHAB DBB AF  A D                                 
              |         A   A  A    CAA A AA                                    
              |           A  A                A    B                            
              |    A  H E BCEC CDDB FCF  DCB                                    
          216 +            A A BCAA AAA  A                                      
              |                 A              BA                               
              |                          B                                      
              |                 A    A                                          
              |                 A        BA                                     
              |       A                                                         
          180 +                  A            A                                 
              |       D D CDED CEAB BBC  CB   DC   DA                           
              |       C A AAA       A    A A       A                            
AbsDifference |            A      A      B                                      
              |                                    B                            
              |    A    A    A                A                                 
          144 +                 CA                                              
              |    A           A                                                
              |           A                                                     
              |    A  H D ADDBBBEBB EDC BDABB                                   
              |           AAB  AD   C     A                                     
              |    A      A    B                                                
          108 +                          B                                      
              |    B  M G BNGCCEOBD JCE BJA AAHBA  CAA                          
              |    A  A   A  BABA   ABA  D BA      A                            
              |    A  E B  DCBBBGAF BC BACBCAAAAAAA                             
              |           AA   B A  CBC BB         B                            
              |    A        B   A             AAA                               
           72 +       A          BA A B          A                              
              |            A    A   B    A                                      
              |    B  G D DDHDBCGBB GDD AFCBA LBA  IBA AC   DC   BC             
              |       C C  E   A A  A A  B         B   AAA       A              
              |            B A  A              A       A                        
              |       A A         A                B                            
           36 +         A   A  AA              A            A    B              
              |    A  E F CDCDCEI E KEEABHBDCBJDAAALCCBDFEA LDBC ICBA           
              |    B  M E BMIGDGKBC FDC BJBBBADCA  K AAIBCBAD     C             
              |    C  M J DGFD EHDC EBC  GDB  KFAA HAA EFC  GE   EC             
              |    B  H E BGFABAFAA EAB  A AA ABA  EBA CDC  CA   CC             
              |    O  Z Z YZZZNZZTZ ZWVFGZLLGFZVGECZJCDRTICAKCDA D              
            0 +    Z  Z Z ZZZZYZZZZ ZZZGUZWZPMZZNKEZKMIZXRFDZTFH HIBA           
              ---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--
                 0          50          100         150         200         250 
                                                                                
                                           Distance                             
                                                                                
NOTE: 1016 obs hidden.                                                          

 


 
Pipis (Paphies australis) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Mantel Test
Diagnostics

     Plot of AbsDifference*InverseDist.  Legend: A = 1 obs, B = 2 obs, etc.     
                                                                                
          252 +      EGDFAEDBCC E A  BC     C  A                                
              |      A CA    AA A B   A     A  B                                
              |       EGFDFCCAF G A  AB     D  D                             A  
              |        CCB  A A       A                                         
              |      BA      A    A                                             
              |        IMDGBBCE C B  BC     D  D                             A  
          216 +        ACABD A  A                                               
              |       C    A                                                    
              |        B                                                        
              |         A A                                                     
              |        C   A                                                    
              |                                A                                
          180 +       A   A                                                     
              |      EGEGBCDBDE D C  AC     B  B                                
              |      A B A    A A A  A      B  A                                
AbsDifference |        B A      A                                               
              |      B                                                          
              |       A      A        A                                      A  
          144 +           CA                                                    
              |            A                                                 A  
              |                   A                                             
              |       BIJDFADBD D A  AC     D  D                             A  
              |        AABBC  B A A                                             
              |            B      A                                          A  
          108 +        B                                                        
              |      EMMMIKIECG N B  AF     G  F                             B  
              |      AAFD A CB    A         A                                A  
              |      BEIFFGCCBC D    AA     B  C                             A  
              |      B DGAAAA   A A                                             
              |       C    A  B                                              A  
           72 +      A  BBB                    A                                
              |        AAAA     A                                               
              |     LPPLKFGCDDH D D  AC     D  C                             B  
              |     AE BB A A   E     C     A  B                                
              |      AA   A  A  B                                               
              |      B   A           A      A                                   
           36 +     C A    B  A       A                                         
              |     ZZTPQIHEEDC D C  CC     B  C                             A  
              |     HZKPJFJFHGI M B  AD     G  F                             B  
              |     TYRMHEHGBDF G D  EE     E  H                             C  
              |     JREBEDEBCAF G B  AD     C  E                             B  
              |     XZZZZZZZZZZ Z Y  LT     W  Y                             O  
            0 +     ZZZZZZZZZZZ Z Z  UZ     Z  Z                             Z  
              ---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--
               0.00        0.02        0.04        0.06        0.08        0.10 
                                                                                
                                          InverseDist                           
                                                                                
NOTE: 1577 obs hidden.                                                          

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation

Quadrat LowWaterDistance BeachDistance Count
1 0 0 0
2 0 20 0
3 0 40 1
4 0 60 0
5 0 80 0
6 0 100 0
7 0 120 0
8 0 140 0
9 0 160 0
10 0 180 0
11 0 200 0
12 10 0 0
13 10 20 0
14 10 40 0
15 10 60 0
16 10 80 7
17 10 100 0
18 10 120 0
19 10 140 0
20 10 160 0
21 10 180 0
22 10 200 0
23 20 0 0
24 20 20 0
25 20 40 0
26 20 60 0
27 20 80 9
28 20 100 0
29 20 120 0
30 20 140 3
31 20 160 6
32 20 180 0
33 20 200 0
34 30 0 0
35 30 20 0
36 30 40 0
37 30 60 0
38 30 80 0
39 30 100 0
40 30 120 0
41 30 140 0
42 30 160 0
43 30 180 0
44 30 200 0
45 40 0 1
46 40 20 0
47 40 40 0
48 40 60 5
49 40 80 0
50 40 100 0
51 40 120 0
52 40 140 7
53 40 160 0
54 40 180 0
55 40 200 10
56 50 0 0
57 50 20 0
58 50 40 0
59 50 60 0
60 50 80 0
61 50 100 7
62 50 120 0
63 50 140 10
64 50 160 1
65 50 180 1
66 50 200 19
67 60 0 0
68 60 20 0
69 60 40 0
70 60 60 0
71 60 80 0
72 60 100 0
73 60 120 0
74 60 140 0
75 60 160 0
76 60 180 0
77 60 200 2
78 70 0 0
79 70 20 0
80 70 40 0
81 70 60 0
82 70 80 2
83 70 100 0
84 70 120 0
85 70 140 2
86 70 160 0
87 70 180 0
88 70 200 16

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Map of the Data

       Plot of LowWaterDistance*BeachDistance$Count.  Symbol used is ' '.       
                                                                                
     --+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+--
  70 + 0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  2   |  0   |  0   |  2   |  0   |  0   |  16+
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
  60 + 0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  2 +
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
D    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
i    |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
s    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
t    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
a 50 + 0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  7   |  0   |  10  |  1   |  1   |  19+
n    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
c    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
e    |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
F    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
r 40 + 1   |  0   |  0   |  5   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  7   |  0   |  0   |  10+
o    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
m    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
L    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
o    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
w 30 + 0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0 +
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
W    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
a    |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
t    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
e    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
r 20 + 0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  9   |  0   |  0   |  3   |  6   |  0   |  0 +
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
(    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
m    |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
)    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
  10 + 0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  7   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0 +
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+----|
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |    |
   0 + 0   |  0   |  1   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0   |  0 +
     --+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+--
       0     20     40     60     80     100    120    140    160    180    200 
                                                                                
                              Distance Along Beach (m)                          

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Summary Statistics

The MEANS Procedure

Analysis Variable : Count Counts of Cockles (Austrovenus
stutchburyi)
N Mean Variance Minimum Maximum
88 1.2386364 11.4481452 0 19.0000000

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Summary Statistics

Mantel Randomization Test For Spatial Correlation
 
  R1
Correlation Between Distances and Response Differences: 0.0680132
 
  P1
Probability of more extreme value: 0.176
 
  R2
Correlation Between Inverse Distances and Response Differences: -0.031252
 
  P2
Probability of more extreme value: 0.1734

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Summary Statistics
Distributions of Test Statistics

       Frequency                                                                
                                                                                
       1000 +                       *                                           
            |                       * *                                         
            |                       * *                                         
            |                   * * * *                                         
        900 +                   * * * *                                         
            |                   * * * *                                         
            |                   * * * *                                         
            |                   * * * * *                                       
        800 +                   * * * * *                                       
            |                   * * * * *                                       
            |                   * * * * *                                       
            |                 * * * * * * *                                     
        700 +                 * * * * * * *                                     
            |                 * * * * * * *                                     
            |               * * * * * * * *                                     
            |               * * * * * * * * *                                   
        600 +               * * * * * * * * *                                   
            |               * * * * * * * * *                                   
            |               * * * * * * * * *                                   
            |               * * * * * * * * * *                                 
        500 +               * * * * * * * * * *                                 
            |               * * * * * * * * * *                                 
            |               * * * * * * * * * *                                 
            |             * * * * * * * * * * *                                 
        400 +             * * * * * * * * * * *                                 
            |             * * * * * * * * * * * *                               
            |             * * * * * * * * * * * *                               
            |             * * * * * * * * * * * *                               
        300 +             * * * * * * * * * * * *                               
            |           * * * * * * * * * * * * *                               
            |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                             
            |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                             
        200 +           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                           
            |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                           
            |         * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                         
            |         * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                         
        100 +         * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                       
            |       * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                       
            |       * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                       
            |     * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                 
            ------------------------------------------------------------        
              - - - - - - - - - - - -                                           
              0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0         
              . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         
              1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1         
              3 2 1 0 9 7 6 5 4 3 1 0 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 9 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9         
              8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8         
                                                                                
                                     R1 Midpoint                                

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Summary Statistics
Distributions of Test Statistics

      Frequency                                                                 
                                                                                
      900 +                                     * * * *                         
          |                                     * * * *                         
          |                                     * * * *                         
          |                                   * * * * *                         
      800 +                                   * * * * *                         
          |                                   * * * * * *                       
          |                                   * * * * * *                       
          |                                   * * * * * *                       
      700 +                                   * * * * * *                       
          |                                 * * * * * * *                       
          |                                 * * * * * * * *                     
          |                                 * * * * * * * *                     
      600 +                                 * * * * * * * *                     
          |                               * * * * * * * * *                     
          |                               * * * * * * * * *                     
          |                               * * * * * * * * *                     
      500 +                               * * * * * * * * *                     
          |                               * * * * * * * * * *                   
          |                             * * * * * * * * * * *                   
          |                             * * * * * * * * * * *                   
      400 +                             * * * * * * * * * * *                   
          |                           * * * * * * * * * * * *                   
          |                           * * * * * * * * * * * *                   
          |                           * * * * * * * * * * * * *                 
      300 +                         * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                 
          |                         * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                 
          |                         * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                 
          |                         * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                 
      200 +                       * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *               
          |                       * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *               
          |                     * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *               
          |                   * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *               
      100 +                   * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *             
          |                 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *             
          |               * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *           
          |           * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *         
          ----------------------------------------------------------------      
            - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -                               
            0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0       
            . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       
            0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0       
            9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5       
            2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7       
            5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5       
                                                                                
                                     R2 Midpoint                                

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Summary Statistics
Distributions of Test Statistics

The UNIVARIATE Procedure
Variable: R1

Moments
N 10000 Sum Weights 10000
Mean 0.00039961 Sum Observations 3.99611391
Std Deviation 0.04757744 Variance 0.00226361
Skewness 0.30637626 Kurtosis -0.1084226
Uncorrected SS 22.6354582 Corrected SS 22.6338613
Coeff Variation 11905.9261 Std Error Mean 0.00047577
 
Basic Statistical Measures
Location Variability
Mean 0.00040 Std Deviation 0.04758
Median -0.00250 Variance 0.00226
Mode . Range 0.33837
    Interquartile Range 0.06544
 
Tests for Location: Mu0=0
Test Statistic p Value
Student's t t 0.839918 Pr > |t| 0.4010
Sign M -199 Pr >= |M| <.0001
Signed Rank S -530831 Pr >= |S| 0.0660
 
Quantiles (Definition 5)
Quantile Estimate
100% Max 0.20009636
99% 0.11692679
95% 0.08442810
90% 0.06416652
75% Q3 0.03182514
50% Median -0.00249793
25% Q1 -0.03361960
10% -0.05885979
5% -0.07292817
1% -0.09623863
0% Min -0.13827759
 
Extreme Observations
Lowest Highest
Value Obs Value Obs
-0.138278 3321 0.166566 2494
-0.126957 9044 0.172870 6653
-0.125498 5010 0.173063 8081
-0.125027 1787 0.183327 4821
-0.125010 70 0.200096 4331

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Summary Statistics
Distributions of Test Statistics

The UNIVARIATE Procedure
Variable: R2

Moments
N 10000 Sum Weights 10000
Mean -0.0001434 Sum Observations -1.4340733
Std Deviation 0.02152683 Variance 0.0004634
Skewness -0.4122496 Kurtosis 0.04857561
Uncorrected SS 4.63378593 Corrected SS 4.63358027
Coeff Variation -15010.969 Std Error Mean 0.00021527
 
Basic Statistical Measures
Location Variability
Mean -0.00014 Std Deviation 0.02153
Median 0.00143 Variance 0.0004634
Mode . Range 0.14837
    Interquartile Range 0.02929
 
Tests for Location: Mu0=0
Test Statistic p Value
Student's t t -0.66618 Pr > |t| 0.5053
Sign M 243 Pr >= |M| <.0001
Signed Rank S 837129 Pr >= |S| 0.0037
 
Quantiles (Definition 5)
Quantile Estimate
100% Max 0.05786707
99% 0.04238399
95% 0.03231022
90% 0.02628383
75% Q3 0.01536798
50% Median 0.00143261
25% Q1 -0.01392290
10% -0.02907965
5% -0.03820256
1% -0.05530753
0% Min -0.09050039
 
Extreme Observations
Lowest Highest
Value Obs Value Obs
-0.0905004 4331 0.0531523 9546
-0.0896001 4821 0.0538167 1439
-0.0888482 3366 0.0538493 7959
-0.0830993 6998 0.0565666 6203
-0.0822514 6653 0.0578671 70

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Summary Statistics
Diagnostics

      Plot of AbsDifference*Distance.  Legend: A = 1 obs, B = 2 obs, etc.       
                                                                                
AbsDifference |                                                                 
              |                                                                 
           19 +       C C ACCAAAC A DBB ADAAA D A  EAA CCA  EBA  DC             
              |                                                                 
           18 +       A    A                             A       A              
              |                                                                 
           17 +    A            A             A                                 
              |                                                                 
           16 +       B   ACABABBAD CBBAACABAACB  ACAAACBBA CBAB CBAA           
              |                                                                 
           15 +         A   A                              A      A             
              |                                                                 
           14 +    A           A              A    A                            
              |                                                                 
           13 +              A      A                                           
              |                                                                 
           12 +                 A        A     A                                
              |                                                                 
           11 +                                    A                            
              |                                                                 
           10 +    B  I G CHHEBDIBB GDE AICB  IDA  KBA CD   EC   DC             
              |                                                                 
            9 +    B  J D AIEBBDIBB FCC BF AB D  A A     A       A              
              |                                                                 
            8 +       B     A   BA   AA   A    A                                
              |                                                                 
            7 +    D  U L FOMJDJYCG PII DPEBCAIDA  FA                           
              |                                                                 
            6 +    B  H D  IEBADF A DBD  EACA DBA  GAA CBB                      
              |                                                                 
            5 +    B  H H CFFD DIEB BBB  DBA  ECA  DA   A                       
              |                                                                 
            4 +       A A A BAABA       AA    A                                 
              |                                                                 
            3 +    C  H D BHF BDHAB DAC AEAAA ECA  FAA                          
              |                                                                 
            2 +    C  K E GNHGDHPCO PHFDCMCFCCGDBCBHBBBDBB  DBAA CCA            
              |                                                                 
            1 +    G  T P FONJFGUGJ PGFACQDCBARIAAATDAAJKEA HEA  CB             
              |                                                                 
            0 +    Z  Z Z ZZZZZZZZZ ZZZJYZZZVRZZUOFZRPLZZZJEZVHI OJBA           
              |                                                                 
              ---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--
                 0          50          100         150         200         250 
                                                                                
                                           Distance                             
                                                                                
NOTE: 1533 obs hidden.                                                          

 


 
Cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) Shellfish Spatial Correlation
Summary Statistics
Diagnostics

     Plot of AbsDifference*InverseDist.  Legend: A = 1 obs, B = 2 obs, etc.     
                                                                                
AbsDifference |                                                                 
              |                                                                 
           19 +     ONFGFCBABAC C A  AB     B  A                                
              |                                                                 
           18 +     AA          A              A                                
              |                                                                 
           17 +       A   A                                                  A  
              |                                                                 
           16 +     OOGGGDCBBBA C A         A  A                                
              |                                                                 
           15 +     B         A       A                                         
              |                                                                 
           14 +      AA    A                                                 A  
              |                                                                 
           13 +          A   A                                                  
              |                                                                 
           12 +       AA   A                                                    
              |                                                                 
           11 +      A                                                          
              |                                                                 
           10 +     OUNOLFHDEEH H C  AF     E  D                             B  
              |                                                                 
            9 +     ACFIJDGFDBE I A  AC     E  E                             B  
              |                                                                 
            8 +       AAB BA  A                B                                
              |                                                                 
            7 +      GRZZNRNJJM O F  DH     K  J                             D  
              |                                                                 
            6 +      PHIGDDEBBE I    AC     E  C                             B  
              |                                                                 
            5 +      FIGFBJFBDF F C  DD     D  D                             B  
              |                                                                 
            4 +       AB   BBAB   A   A        A                                
              |                                                                 
            3 +      HJHFDFED F H B   D     D  D                             C  
              |                                                                 
            2 +     OZSYZURGHGH N G  BC     E  F                             C  
              |                                                                 
            1 +     SZZZXOVJJJN O F  DL     J  J                             G  
              |                                                                 
            0 +     ZZZZZZZZZZZ Z Z  ZZ     Z  Z                             Z  
              |                                                                 
              ---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--
               0.00        0.02        0.04        0.06        0.08        0.10 
                                                                                
                                          InverseDist                           
                                                                                
NOTE: 1998 obs hidden.